傳實(shí)翻譯公司談漢譯英:25點(diǎn)體會(huì)我在1984年出版的《英漢翻譯練習(xí)集》前言中歸納了我在英譯漢實(shí)踐中的25點(diǎn)體會(huì)。其中絕大多數(shù)是我對(duì)英漢兩種語(yǔ)言各自特點(diǎn)的認(rèn)識(shí)。這些認(rèn)識(shí)對(duì)我后來(lái)的工作,無(wú)論是英譯漢,還是漢譯英,都是有幫助的?,F(xiàn)在我就把這25點(diǎn)體會(huì)連同有關(guān)的譯例說(shuō)一說(shuō)。
⒈一詞多義。弄清原文的意思,在漢語(yǔ)中選用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)。例如:
Born in 1879 in Ulm, Germany, Albert Einstein was two years old when his parents moved to Munich, where his father opened a business in electrical supplies.
阿爾伯特·愛(ài)因斯坦于1879年出生在德國(guó)的烏爾姆城。在他兩歲的時(shí)候,父母移居慕尼黑。他的父親在慕尼黑開了一家工廠,生產(chǎn)電氣器材。(句中business一詞,據(jù)有關(guān)資料介紹是指factory,而不是store,故譯作“工廠”。)
⒉英語(yǔ)名詞和介詞用得多,漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用得多。
Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past.
從心理方面來(lái)說(shuō),到了老年,有兩種危險(xiǎn)傾向需要注意防止。一是過(guò)分地懷念過(guò)去。(如譯作“對(duì)過(guò)去的過(guò)分懷念”,則不順。)
⒊英語(yǔ)代詞用得多,漢語(yǔ)實(shí)詞用得多。在一個(gè)句子里,英語(yǔ)可以先出代詞,后出實(shí)詞;漢語(yǔ)則先出實(shí)詞,后出代詞。
One day, while I was playing with my new doll, Miss Sullivan put my big rag doll into my lap also, spelled “d-o-l-l” and tried to make me understand that “d-o-l-l” applied to both.
有一天我正在玩一個(gè)新娃娃,沙利文小姐把我的大布娃娃也放在我腿上,然后寫了“d-o-l-l”這幾個(gè)字母,她是想讓我知道“d-o-l-l”既可以指新娃娃,也可以指舊娃娃。(如譯作“指二者”,就不順;如譯作“兩個(gè)都指”,意思既不清楚,句子也壓不住。)
If they are disappointed at one place, the drillers go to another.
鉆探石油的人如果在一個(gè)地方得不到預(yù)期的結(jié)果,便到另一個(gè)地方去鉆探。
⒋英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài),時(shí)間概念往往通過(guò)時(shí)態(tài)表現(xiàn)出來(lái):漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài),表示不同的時(shí)間,往往需要加時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring.
現(xiàn)在回想起來(lái),就仿佛是一場(chǎng)夢(mèng),當(dāng)時(shí)的情景還在我腦海里緩緩浮動(dòng)。那一天,許多孩子在靠近水邊的地方玩耍,他們那樣大膽,不知道危險(xiǎn)就在眼前,使我們非常吃驚。(譯文加了“那一天”。)
⒌英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用得多,漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)式用得少,有時(shí)不用被動(dòng)形式也可以表示被動(dòng)的含義,有時(shí)可以用無(wú)主語(yǔ)句。
When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.
鯨魚殺死以后,把鯨脂剝下來(lái)熬油,這項(xiàng)工作有的是在船上進(jìn)行的,有的是在岸上進(jìn)行的。(不一定譯成“鯨魚被殺死以后”,不用“被”字仍可表示被動(dòng)的含義。)
Great sums of money have been spent, for example in the deserts of Egypt, in “prospecting” for oil.
在石油“勘探”方面,已經(jīng)花了大筆的錢,比如在埃及的沙漠里進(jìn)行的勘探工作就是如此。(原文是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但未說(shuō)明誰(shuí)是施動(dòng)者。譯文用了無(wú)主句。)
⒍英語(yǔ)并排用幾個(gè)名詞、動(dòng)詞或形容詞時(shí),其排列順序可能要考慮到詞的長(zhǎng)短(長(zhǎng)的放在后面,這樣節(jié)奏較好)或分量的輕重(重的放在后面,這樣不顯得頭重腳輕)。漢語(yǔ)除了考慮常用的順序以外,還常??紤]詞的音調(diào)。分量的輕重關(guān)系不大,常把分量重的詞放在前面。
…setting aside big tracts of land where nobody can fish, shoot, hunt, nor harm a single living creature with furs, fins or feathers.
……圈出大片土地,不準(zhǔn)釣魚,不準(zhǔn)打鳥,不準(zhǔn)打獵,凡是長(zhǎng)皮的,長(zhǎng)毛的或者長(zhǎng)鰓的動(dòng)物,一概不許傷害。(原文fish, shoot, hunt,由輕到重,feathers最長(zhǎng),放在最后。漢語(yǔ)則“長(zhǎng)皮的,長(zhǎng)毛的”連下來(lái)較順。
7.英語(yǔ)一般避免重復(fù),代稱用得多,不但名詞可以用代詞來(lái)替代,動(dòng)詞、形容詞也有相應(yīng)的詞來(lái)替代。漢語(yǔ)則不怕重復(fù),實(shí)稱用得多。
English grammar is very difficult and few writers have avoided making mistakes in it.
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法十分困難,作家很少不犯語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤的。(譯文重復(fù)“語(yǔ)法”二字。)
8.英語(yǔ)連詞用得多,漢語(yǔ)連詞用得少。例如表示條件或原因,漢語(yǔ)不一定用“如果”或“因?yàn)?rdquo;之類的詞,意思就包含在上下文里面了。
This film showed how they put aside a thousand acres out West where the buffaloes roam and nobody can shoot a single one of them. If they do, they get in jail.
電影演的是他們?cè)趺丛谖鬟厓喊岩磺в€土地劃出來(lái),讓水牛自由行動(dòng),誰(shuí)也不準(zhǔn)開槍打死一只。打死了,就得坐牢。(譯文第二句沒(méi)有用連詞,沒(méi)有用主語(yǔ),重復(fù)了第一句里的“打死”二字。)
9.詞的搭配,如形容詞與名詞的搭配,副詞和動(dòng)詞的搭配,主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的搭配等,英語(yǔ)可以用的搭配,往往不能直接譯成漢語(yǔ),這就需要選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ),或者改變句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
Theroad we have long been traveling is deceptively easy, a smooth superhighway on which we progress with great speed, but at its end lies disaster.
我們一直在走的這條路表面上很好走,是一條平坦的超級(jí)公路,我們可以高速前進(jìn),但是走到盡頭卻要遇到災(zāi)難。(原文lies disaster 不能直譯,只好改變句子結(jié)構(gòu),譯作“遇到災(zāi)難”。)
10.英語(yǔ)常以抽象名詞做主語(yǔ),后面接表示具體動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。這種主謂搭配,在漢語(yǔ)里是很少用的,一般都要改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.
幾個(gè)星期以來(lái),我又氣又恨,感到非常苦惱,這種感情上的激烈斗爭(zhēng)過(guò)去之后,我感到渾身無(wú)力。
11.英語(yǔ)有些副詞和動(dòng)詞的搭配無(wú)法直接譯過(guò)來(lái),可將原文副詞的含義譯成謂語(yǔ)或分句,放在句末。
So heedful a writer as Henry James, for instance, on occasion wrote so ungrammatically that a schoolmaster, finding such errors in a schoolboy’s essay, would be justly indignant.
就拿亨利·詹姆士來(lái)說(shuō)吧,連他這樣細(xì)心的作家寫的東西,有時(shí)也不合語(yǔ)法。要是小學(xué)老師在學(xué)生的作文里發(fā)現(xiàn)那樣的錯(cuò)誤也會(huì)生氣,而生氣是完全應(yīng)該的。
12.英語(yǔ)有些副詞放在句首,具有豐富的內(nèi)容,譯成漢語(yǔ)可以適當(dāng)?shù)丶右园l(fā)揮。
Ideally, one day, researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes……
最理想的情況是,有朝一日研究人員能夠?qū)Φ卣鸬某梢?hellip;…有足夠的了解。
13.主語(yǔ)的位置。英語(yǔ)往往把目的狀語(yǔ)或其他成分放在句首,然后再出主語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞靠得較近。漢語(yǔ)則往往先出主語(yǔ)。
To protect the whale form the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber.
大自然為了保護(hù)鯨魚,使它不致在北冰洋受凍,便讓它長(zhǎng)了厚厚的一層脂肪,叫做鯨脂。
14.英語(yǔ)的書面語(yǔ)差不多每個(gè)句子都要有主語(yǔ),漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)則不那么重要,如果前面已把主語(yǔ)說(shuō)清楚,后面的句子不一定用主語(yǔ)。甚至在一個(gè)句子里應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)另外一個(gè)主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,這個(gè)主語(yǔ)仍然可以省略。
They used this kind of scare tactic when I was growing up. I wonder what they use today.
我小的時(shí)候,他們用過(guò)這種嚇唬人的辦法?,F(xiàn)在用什么辦法,就不得而知了。(譯文第二句,兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)“他們”和“我”都沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)。)
15.英語(yǔ)有who, which等詞,可以引出定語(yǔ)從句,漢語(yǔ)多用并列分句,或單成一句,有時(shí)可把定語(yǔ)從句先處理。
Richardson, who served as both Secretary of Defense and Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare during the Nixon Administration, was talking about the negotiations for a Law of the Sea treaty, which came to a virtual conclusion last week after six years of deliberations.
理查森曾在尼克松政府中擔(dān)任國(guó)防部長(zhǎng)和衛(wèi)生、教育和福利部長(zhǎng),他是在談到關(guān)于海洋法條約的談判時(shí)說(shuō)這番話的。(譯文用了并列分句)
I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.
有些作家,讀者要費(fèi)力氣才能看懂他們的意思,我對(duì)這樣的作家一向是沒(méi)有多少耐心的。(原文中的定語(yǔ)從句在譯文中提前處理。)
16.英語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)部分可以很長(zhǎng),其中包括幾個(gè)介詞引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),漢語(yǔ)往往用分句來(lái)表達(dá),或者獨(dú)立成句。
The 180-page document, with more than 300 articles and eight annexes, definitively covers every conceivable issue dealing with the seas, from the definition of what constitutes an island to the jurisdiction over fish that live in fresh water but spawn in the ocean.
這份長(zhǎng)達(dá)一百八十頁(yè)的文件,有三百余條,并有八個(gè)附件。它涉及能夠想到的每一個(gè)與海洋有關(guān)的問(wèn)題,從島嶼的定義,到對(duì)在淡水生長(zhǎng)而在海洋產(chǎn)卵的魚類的管轄權(quán),都做了明確的規(guī)定。(原文中的主語(yǔ)部分獨(dú)立成句。)
17.英語(yǔ)除了有who, which等詞外,還有動(dòng)詞的-ing形式,因此句子可以很長(zhǎng),但組織得很嚴(yán)密。漢語(yǔ)敘事,則多用并列結(jié)構(gòu),一層一層地把事情說(shuō)清楚。有時(shí)可以把較長(zhǎng)地句子譯成幾個(gè)短句。
In the winter of 1879, James Lecky, exchequer clerk from Ireland, and privately interested in phonetics, keyboard temperament, and Gaelic, all of which subjects he imposed on me, dragged me to a meeting of a debating society called The Zetetical: a junior copy of the once well known Dialectical Society founded to discuss John Stuart Mill’s Essay on Liberty when that was new.
1879年冬天,詹姆斯·萊基拉我去參加一次辯論會(huì)。萊基是愛(ài)爾蘭人,在財(cái)政部門當(dāng)職員,有空喜歡研究語(yǔ)音,練習(xí)彈琴,學(xué)習(xí)蓋爾語(yǔ),他還硬讓我也學(xué)這些東西。這次他帶我去參加的辯論會(huì)是一個(gè)名叫“探索學(xué)會(huì)”的團(tuán)體舉辦的。當(dāng)年約翰·斯圖爾特·米爾的文章《論自由》剛剛發(fā)表時(shí)候,成立過(guò)一個(gè)“辯證學(xué)會(huì)”來(lái)討論這篇文章,這個(gè)學(xué)會(huì)曾名噪一時(shí)。探索學(xué)會(huì)就是仿照這個(gè)學(xué)會(huì)建立起來(lái)的,只是沒(méi)有它那么有名罷了。(原文雖然較長(zhǎng),但并不很復(fù)雜。主語(yǔ)部分有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,謂語(yǔ)部分有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)和一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。譯文則分成了五個(gè)句子。)
18.漢語(yǔ)一般不用一連串的定語(yǔ),一連串的“的字。適當(dāng)?shù)卦?ldquo;的”字前增加動(dòng)詞,就顯得有些變化,不那么單調(diào)。
The resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetites of Florida livestock raisers for a similar feat that would relieve them of the scourge of screw-worms.
庫(kù)拉索島上的實(shí)驗(yàn)取得巨大的成功.引起了佛羅里達(dá)州牲畜飼養(yǎng)者的興趣.他們也想以同樣的辦法消除螺旋錐蠅這一禍害.(原文主語(yǔ)部分是一名詞定語(yǔ),若譯作“庫(kù)拉索島上的實(shí)驗(yàn)的巨大成功”,就連用了兩個(gè)“的”字.如在第二個(gè)“的”字前面加上“取得”二字,就好一點(diǎn)?,F(xiàn)在把這一部分譯成一個(gè)分句就更好了。)
19.英語(yǔ)在一個(gè)句子里往往先說(shuō)個(gè)人的感受,再說(shuō)與感受有關(guān)的動(dòng)作,最后才說(shuō)最初發(fā)生的事情。漢語(yǔ)則相反,往往按照事情發(fā)生的順序來(lái)敘述,最后才說(shuō)個(gè)人的感受。
The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher,Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.
在我的記憶里,安妮·曼斯菲爾德·沙利文老師來(lái)的那一天,是我一生中最重要的日子。從這一天開始,我的生活和以前迥然不同,一想到這一點(diǎn),我就感到非常興奮。
20.表達(dá)同樣的意思,英語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)比較緊,漢語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)比較松。
A gang of men, under the direction of their energetic and likeable foreman, 25-year-old Phineas P. Gage, was working on a new line of the Rutland and Burlington railroad.
一伙工人正跟著他們的領(lǐng)班在拉特蘭-伯靈頓鐵路的新線路上干活。這位領(lǐng)班名叫菲尼斯·P·蓋奇,二十五歲,他精力充沛,待人和氣。(原文是一簡(jiǎn)單句,有一個(gè)主語(yǔ),一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,卻包含了這么多內(nèi)容,結(jié)構(gòu)顯得比較緊。譯文分為兩句,第二句還包含兩個(gè)并列分句,結(jié)構(gòu)顯得比較松。)
21.拆句的情況多,合句的情況少。
Poets as we know have always a made great use of alliteration. They are persuaded that the repetition of a sound gives an effect of beauty.
我們知道,詩(shī)人一般總喜歡押頭韻,覺(jué)得重復(fù)一個(gè)聲音會(huì)產(chǎn)生美的效果。(原文兩句都比較短,譯文合成一句,語(yǔ)氣較順。)
22.注意文體,應(yīng)該用口語(yǔ)的地方,選用適合口語(yǔ)的詞句。
“I remember thinking, ‘No. No. It’s not Jackson, it’s not my husband, it’s not my Jackson,’” she said. “But it was. He was lying in the street, right across from our house. The police said a man shot him over a parking space.”
“記得我當(dāng)時(shí)就想:‘不,不。不是杰克遜,不是我丈夫,不是我的杰克遜’”她說(shuō)。“可是,那不是別人,正是他。他躺在大街上,就在我們的房子對(duì)面。警察說(shuō),為了爭(zhēng)一塊停車的地方,人家把他打死了。”
23.一段文章的最后一句,特別是全文最后一段的最后一句,要比較有力,否則文章煞不住。中英文都是這樣。翻譯時(shí)就要把這最后一句的分量表達(dá)出來(lái),給人以深刻的印象。
Words have weight, sound and appearance; it is only by considering these that you can write a sentence that is good to look at and good to listen to.
詞具有一定的分量、聲音和形狀,只有考慮到這些因素,寫出來(lái)的句子才能既好聽(tīng),又好看。(若把“好聽(tīng)”放在最后,就壓不住了。)
24.題目可以照原文譯,也可以根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容擬定。
A Valentine to One Who Cared Too Much.
衷腸曲(這個(gè)題目是參照文章的內(nèi)容擬定的。原題的意思是:在情人節(jié)寫給一個(gè)人的信,這個(gè)人關(guān)心的事情太多了。)
25.遇到中國(guó)讀者可能不熟悉的典故、人名、地名等,除了加注以外,還可以在譯文中加幾個(gè)字,略加說(shuō)明。
I learned a great many new words that day. I do not remember what they all were; but I do know that mother, father,sister, teacher were among them — words that were to make the world blossom for me, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers.”
那一天我學(xué)了許多新詞,也記不清都有哪些詞了。但是其中肯定有“母親”、“父親”、“姐姐”、“老師”——后來(lái)就是這些詞把一個(gè)美好的世界展現(xiàn)在我的面前,就像《圣經(jīng)》上說(shuō)的“亞倫的杖開了花”一樣。(這個(gè)典故出自《舊約·民數(shù)記》第17章第8節(jié)。為了幫助中國(guó)讀者了解,譯文加了“就像《圣經(jīng)》上說(shuō)的”幾個(gè)字。)